As the world accelerates its shift towards clean energy, solar power emerges as a cornerstone of global energy transformation. Central to this shift is solar photovoltaic (PV) technology, which is continuously advancing to become more efficient, cost-effective, and scalable. For India, with its vast solar potential and ambitious clean energy targets, the rise of next-generation solar PV technologies offers both significant opportunities and challenges.
Currently, the solar PV market is dominated by silicon-based technologies, especially passivated emitter rear cell (PERC) modules, known for their high efficiency and compatibility with existing manufacturing setups. However, more advanced technologies like tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) cells and heterojunction technology (HJT) are gaining traction due to their superior efficiency and performance. Tandem solar cells, combining silicon with perovskite layers, represent the future of solar technology, though challenges in stability and large-scale production remain.
India is witnessing a solar boom, with installed solar capacity reaching nearly 110 GW as of May 2025. The government’s goal of 500 GW of non-fossil capacity by 2030, with a significant portion from solar, is driving rapid growth in domestic production. Leading companies are introducing advanced technologies and expanding manufacturing capacities, positioning India as a potential global solar hub.
Efficiency improvements are crucial for the industry, with next-generation architectures promising higher efficiencies. Innovations in cooling techniques, material substitution, and automation are also enhancing production efficiency and reducing costs. However, challenges such as a low cell-to-module ratio, reliance on imports, and the need for a skilled workforce persist.
Policy interventions are necessary to sustain growth, including expanding skill development programs, increasing R&D funding, and establishing a regulatory framework for e-waste management. With the right mix of innovation, investment, and policy, India is poised to become a global leader in solar PV technology.
